[Apollon tötet Python; Apollo Killing Python; Apollo doodt de reuzenslang Python]

late 1580s

Depression and consumption

From the late 1580s he suffered from depression and consumption; his family life was unhappy.

1587

Founding of the Haarlem Academy

Together with Cornelis van Haarlem and Karel van Mander he founded an academy of art in Haarlem, later known as the Haarlem Mannerist Academy (some sources give 1583 or 1600). There, for the first time in the Netherlands, systematic study of anatomy and drawing from the nude model were introduced.

1588

"Hercules Killing Cacus" in the chiaroscuro manner

He created the woodcut "Hercules Killing Cacus," executed in the chiaroscuro manner — an example of his turn to woodcut alongside copper engraving with the burin.

1590

Departure for Italy

He fled from his wife and, despite his illnesses, set out for Italy — via Hamburg and Munich to Venice, Bologna and Florence. Part of the way he traveled on foot, passing himself off as a commoner, "partly out of a love of mystification."

January 1591

Eight months in Rome

He arrived in Rome in January 1591 and stayed eight months (with a brief sojourn in Naples). He discovered Raphael, was especially impressed by Michelangelo and Giambologna, and studied art from classical sculpture to the masters of the Renaissance.

August 1591

Return to Haarlem with a collection of drawings

He returned to Haarlem, bringing from Italy a large collection of drawings that he used for the rest of his life; from the Roman material three engravings of classical statues are known, including the Farnese Hercules.